Biology

Chapter 1 - Classification of Animals 

1. Which of the following species has open circulatory system? 

(Joint Group C Main Dec. 2023) (1) Arthropoda (2) Annelida (3) Cyclostomata (4) Pisces 

Answer: (1) Arthropoda Explanation: Arthropods, such as insects, spiders, and crustaceans, possess an open circulatory system where blood (hemolymph) is not confined to vessels but flows freely within the body cavity, bathing the organs directly. 

2. Match the following pairs: 

(Joint Group C Main Dec. 2023) 

Types of Mammals | Example 

---|--- a. Pouched mammals | i. Bradypus b. Flying mammals | ii. Macropus c. Toothless mammals | iii. Manis d. Ant-eating mammals | iv. Pteropus 

Answer: (1) a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii 

Explanation: 

• a. Pouched mammals (Marsupials): Macropus (Kangaroo) is a well-known example of a pouched mammal. 

• b. Flying mammals: Pteropus (Fruit Bat) is a mammal capable of true flight. 

• c. Toothless mammals: Bradypus (Sloth) is known for its reduced or absent teeth. 

• d. Ant-eating mammals: Manis (Pangolin) is a mammal specialized in feeding on ants and termites. 

3. What are the specific characteristics of Arthropod species? 

(Joint Group B Main Nov. 2023) a. Largest phylum b. Skeleton covered with chitin c. Segmented body d. Bilateral symmetry 

Answer: (4) a, b, c and d Explanation: Arthropods are indeed the largest phylum in the animal kingdom (a). Their exoskeleton is composed of chitin (b). They exhibit a segmented body plan (c) and possess bilateral symmetry (d), meaning their body can be divided into two mirror-image halves. 

4. Organs responsible for earthworm locomotion: 

(Joint Group B Main Nov. 2023) a. Parapodia b. Proglottids c. Setae d. Pseudopodia 

Answer: (2) only c Explanation: Earthworms primarily use setae (bristles) embedded in their body wall for locomotion. They extend and retract these setae to grip the soil and pull themselves forward. Parapodia are found in some marine worms, proglottids are segments of tapeworms, and pseudopodia are characteristic of amoebas. 

5. What is the second largest group of invertebrates? 

(Joint Group B Main Nov. 2023) (1) Arthropoda (2) Porifera (3) Mollusca (4) Echinodermata 

Answer: (3) Mollusca Explanation: While Arthropoda is the largest phylum of invertebrates, Mollusca (which includes snails, clams, octopuses, etc.) is the second largest phylum in terms of species diversity. 

6. What is the study of conchology? 

(Rajyaseva Pre-Exam, 2023) (1) Coelenterates (2) Mollusca (3) Shells of Mollusca (4) Mantle of Mollusca 

Answer: (3) Shells of Mollusca Explanation: Conchology is the scientific study of mollusk shells. It focuses on the structure, classification, and collection of these shells. 

Question 7:

Translation: Molluscs are soft-bodied animals and possess the following characteristics:

(Maharashtra State Service Pre-Examination, 2023)

a. They are the second largest phylum in the animal kingdom.

b. Generally, they are bilaterally symmetrical.

c. They live only on land.

d. They have muscular feet.

Which of the above statement/statements are correct?

(1) Only a

(2) a, b and d

(3) a, b and c

(4) Only a and b

Answer and Explanation:

The correct option is (2) a, b and d.

a. They are the second largest phylum in the animal kingdom:

This statement is correct. Arthropoda is the largest phylum, and Mollusca is indeed the second largest.

b. Generally, they are bilaterally symmetrical:

This statement is correct. Most molluscs exhibit bilateral symmetry, although some, like gastropods, may show asymmetry due to torsion.

c. They live only on land:

This statement is incorrect. Molluscs are found in diverse habitats, including marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments.

d. They have muscular feet:

This statement is correct. A characteristic feature of molluscs is the presence of a muscular foot, which is used for locomotion, attachment, or burrowing.

Question 8:

Translation: What is the correct sequence of stages in Meiosis?

(Maharashtra Non-Gazetted Pre-Examination, April, 2023)

(1) Leptotene, Pachytene, Zygotene, Diplotene, Diakinesis

(2) Leptotene, Diakinesis, Pachytene, Diplotene, Zygotene

(3) Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, Diakinesis

(4) Diakinesis, Diplotene, Pachytene, Zygotene, Leptotene

Answer and Explanation:

The correct option is (3) Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, Diakinesis.

Here are the English translations of the questions, along with their answers and explanations: 

Question 9: 

In Porifera, how are gametes generally formed? (Maharashtra Gazetted Pre-Exam, April 2002) (1) Choanocytes (2) Archaeocytes (3) Myocytes (4) Pinacocytes 

Answer: (2) Archaeocytes Explanation: Archaeocytes are totipotent amoeboid cells found in sponges (Porifera) that can differentiate into various cell types, including gametes, for reproduction. 

Question 10: 

Plants require nutrients for their existence, growth, and reproduction. Which of the following is NOT a set of micronutrients required by plants? (Clerk (Mains) Feb. 2005) (1) Boron, Zinc, Manganese (2) Copper, Molybdenum, Chlorine (3) Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium (4) Cobalt, Nickel, Iron 

Answer: (3) Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium Explanation: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium are macronutrients, meaning plants require them in large quantities. Micronutrients, such as Boron, Zinc, Manganese, Copper, Molybdenum, Chlorine, Cobalt, Nickel, and Iron, are required in smaller amounts. 

Question 11: 

Which of the following microorganisms is NOT in the probiotic category? (Clerk (Mains) Feb. 2005) (1) Lactobacillus (2) Bifidobacterium (3) Streptococcus (4) Staphylococcus 

Answer: (4) Staphylococcus Explanation: Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are well-known genera of probiotic bacteria, beneficial for gut health. While some Streptococcus strains are used as probiotics (e.g., Streptococcus thermophilus), Staphylococcus species are generally considered pathogenic and are not typically classified as probiotics. 

Question 12: 

Match the following: (Combined Group 'C' Pre-Exam,) 

Group 'A' 

a) Salamander b) Platypus 

Group 'B' 

1) Cold-blooded 2) Carnivorous 

Answer: 

a) Salamander - 1) Cold-blooded b) Platypus - (No direct match provided from the options in Group 'B' that accurately describes the platypus's primary characteristic in this context, as it is a mammal and lays eggs, but the options are limited to "cold-blooded" and "carnivorous." Platypus is technically warm-blooded, and its diet is varied but not exclusively carnivorous in the sense of large prey.) Explanation: Salamanders are amphibians and are ectothermic, meaning they are cold-blooded and regulate their body temperature externally. Platypuses are monotremes, a type of mammal, and are endothermic (warm-blooded), though their body temperature regulation differs from other mammals. While they are carnivorous, consuming invertebrates, the provided options are limited. 

Here are the translations and answers to the questions: 

Question 13: In Heteronereis, gonads develop in the posterior part. These gonad segments are called: (Combine 'B' Pre-2022) 1) Epitoke 2) Atoke 3) Heterogeny 4) Metaboli 

Answer: (1) Epitoke Explanation: Epitoke refers to the sexually mature, pelagic form of certain polychaete worms, like Heteronereis, where the posterior segments become modified for reproduction and contain gonads. 

Question 14: Which of the following fish belongs to the class Osteichthyes? (Combine 'B' Pre-2022) 1) Shark 2) Stingray 3) Katla 4) Electric Ray 

Answer: (3) Katla Explanation: Osteichthyes is the class of bony fish. Katla (Catla catla) is a type of carp, which is a bony fish. Sharks, stingrays, and electric rays are cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes). 

Question 15: Match the following pairs. (Combine 'B' Pre-2022) A) Python molurus B) Naja naja C) Viper russelli D) Typhlops braminus 

1) Hemotoxic 2) Blind snake 3) Neurotoxic 4) Non-venomous 

Answer: (4) Option 4 (A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4) is incorrect based on the standard biological understanding. The correct matching would be: A) Python molurus - 4) Non-venomous (Pythons are constrictors, not venomous) B) Naja naja (Cobra) - 3) Neurotoxic (Cobra venom primarily affects the nervous system) C) Viper russelli (Russell's Viper) - 1) Hemotoxic (Viper venom primarily affects the blood and circulatory system) D) Typhlops braminus (Brahminy Blind Snake) - 2) Blind snake (Known for its small, degenerate eyes and burrowing lifestyle) 

Explanation: This question requires knowledge of snake characteristics, particularly their venom types and common names. Python molurus is a non-venomous constrictor. Naja naja (Indian Cobra) has neurotoxic venom. Viper russelli has hemotoxic venom. Typhlops braminus is a species of blind snake. Given the options provided, there seems to be an error in the answer key or the question's intended matching. If we assume the question intends to match the types of venom/characteristics, the correct mapping is as described above. 

Question 16: Which of the following is the correct sequence of larval stages of Aurelia? (Combine 'B' Pre-2022) 1) Planula, Hydratuba, Scyphistoma, Ephyra 2) Planula, Ephyra, Scyphistoma, Hydratuba 3) Scyphistoma, Planula, Hydratuba, Ephyra 4) Hydratuba, Ephyra, Planula, Scyphistoma 

Answer: (1) Planula, Hydratuba, Scyphistoma, Ephyra Explanation: The life cycle of Aurelia (jellyfish) typically involves a free-swimming planula larva, which settles and develops into a sessile polyp called a hydratuba. The hydratuba then undergoes strobilation to form a scyphistoma, which buds off ephyra larvae, eventually developing into adult medusae. 

Question 17: Which of the following animal group(s) belong to the class of reptiles? (Combine 'B' Pre-2022) A) Lizard, Snake, Frog and Loris B) Turtle, Crocodile, Chameleon and Tortoise C) Turtle, Alligator, Salamander and Lizard D) Salamander, Lizard, Turtle and Frog 

Answer: (1) Only (B) Explanation: Reptiles are a class of cold-blooded vertebrates, typically characterized by scales or scutes, and laying amniotic eggs. A) Frog and Loris are not reptiles (Amphibian and Mammal, respectively). B) Turtle, Crocodile, Chameleon, and Tortoise are all reptiles. C) Salamander is an amphibian, not a reptile. D) Salamander and Frog are amphibians, not reptiles. 

18. If a female Drosophila with white eyes is crossed with a male Drosophila with red eyes, what will be the color of the eyes of all female Drosophila in their first F1 generation?

(State Service Pre, 2022)

1) White

2) Red

3) Mixture of red and white

4) Mixture of red and blue

Answer: (2) Red

Explanation: In Drosophila, red eye color is dominant over white eye color. When a white-eyed female (recessive) is crossed with a red-eyed male (dominant), all F1 offspring will inherit the dominant red eye allele from the father, and thus all female Drosophila in the F1 generation will have red eyes.

19. Which of the following steps is used for animal classification?

(State Service Pre, 2022)

1) Species → Genus → Order → Class → Phylum → Kingdom → Domain

2) Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Genus → Species

3) Genus → Species → Phylum → Class → Order → Kingdom → Domain

4) Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Genus → Species

Answer: (4) Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Genus → Species

Here are the English translations and answers for the questions: 

Question 20: Which set of conditions best applies to Obelia? (Combined Group 'C' Pre - 2021) 1) Polymorphic, Colonial, Aquatic 2) Marine, Sedentary and Colonial 3) Marine, Sedentary, Polymorphic 4) Marine, Sedentary, Colonial, Polymorphic with Alternation of Generation 

Answer: (4) Marine, Sedentary, Colonial, Polymorphic with Alternation of Generation 

Explanation: Obelia is a marine organism belonging to the phylum Cnidaria. It exhibits polymorphism (has different forms like polyp and medusa), is colonial (lives in colonies), is typically sedentary in its polyp stage, and displays alternation of generations between the asexual polyp stage and the sexual medusa stage. [1, 2]  

Question 21: How many pairs of legs does Peripatus have? (Combined Group 'C' Pre - 2021) 1) 10 - 15 pairs 2) 10 - 20 pairs 3) 14 - 43 pairs 4) 15 - 40 pairs 

Answer: (3) 14 - 43 pairs 

Explanation: Peripatus, an organism belonging to the phylum Onychophora, is known for having a varying number of leg pairs, typically ranging from 14 to 43 pairs depending on the species. [3]  

Question 22: Who gave the generic name 'Periplaneta' to the cockroach? (Combined Group 'C' Pre - 2021) 1) Linnaeus (1758) 2) D. Beer (1973) 3) Burmeister (1838) 4) Bentham (1664) 

Answer: (3) Burmeister (1838) 

Explanation: The generic name 'Periplaneta' for cockroaches was established by Hermann Burmeister in 1838. [4]  

Question 23: Which plant group is known as the amphibian plants of the plant kingdom? (Combined Group 'C' Pre - 2021) 1) Pteridophytes 2) Bryophytes 3) Gymnosperms 4) Angiosperms 

Answer: (2) Bryophytes 

Explanation: Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts) are often referred to as the "amphibians of the plant kingdom" because they require water for reproduction, even though they live on land. [5]  

Question 24: Amoeba is a protozoan because: (Combine 'B' 2021) 

Explanation: The question is incomplete in the image, but Amoeba is classified as a protozoan because it is a single-celled eukaryotic organism that moves and feeds using pseudopods. [6]  

Question 25: 

Translate: Which of the following pair/pairs of wild animals and their scientific names are correct in this context? (Combine 'B' 2021) a) Asiatic Lion - Panthera leo persica b) Striped Tiger - Panthera tigris c) Indian Rhinoceros - Rhinoceros unicornis d) Thamin Deer - Cervus eldi Options: 1) Only b and c 2) Only c and d 3) Only a and c 4) All of the above 

Answer: (4) All of the above 

Explanation: All the provided pairs of common names and their scientific names are correct. 

• The scientific name for the Asiatic Lion is Panthera leo persica. 

• The scientific name for the Striped Tiger is Panthera tigris. 

• The scientific name for the Indian Rhinoceros is Rhinoceros unicornis. 

• The scientific name for the Thamin Deer is Cervus eldi. 

Question 26: 

Translate: Which of the following animal group/groups first adapted to terrestrial life? (Combine 'B' 2021) a) Reptiles b) Amphibians c) Mammals d) Birds (flying animals) Options: 1) Only c and d 2) Only b and d 3) Only a 4) Only b 

Answer: (4) Only b 

Explanation: Amphibians were the first vertebrate animals to transition from aquatic to terrestrial life, though they still retain a dependence on water for reproduction and early life stages. 

Question 27: 

Translate: According to the modern classification system, the five kingdoms are as follows: (Combine 'B' 2020) a) Protista, Fungi, Mammalia, Annelida, Plantae b) Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia c) Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Porifera, Animalia d) Monera, Fungi, Mammalia, Plantae, Animalia Which of the above options is correct? (1) Only c (2) Only b (3) Only a (4) Only d 

Answer: (2) Only b 

Explanation: The widely accepted five-kingdom classification system includes Monera (now often split into Bacteria and Archaea), Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. 

Question 28: 

Translate: Bacteria resist antibiotics through the following mechanism: (Combine 'B' 2020) a) Altering receptors on cell surfaces b) MDR pumps (Multi-Drug Resistance pumps) c) Secreting various enzymes that inactivate antibiotics Options: 1) Only a and b 2) a, b and c 3) Only a and c 4) Only b and c 

Answer: (2) a, b and c 

Explanation: Bacteria can develop antibiotic resistance through multiple mechanisms: 

• Altering receptors on cell surfaces: This prevents the antibiotic from binding to its target. 

• MDR pumps (Multi-Drug Resistance pumps): These are efflux pumps that actively transport antibiotics out of the bacterial cell. 

• Secreting various enzymes that inactivate antibiotics: For example, beta-lactamase enzymes break down penicillin-class antibiotics. 

Question 29: Staphylococcal food poisoning occurs due to... 

(Combine 'B' 2025) 1) Pre-formed enterotoxin ingested 2) Colonization of mucosal surface after viral infection 3) Localized toxic action after wound colonization 4) All of the above reasons 

Answer: (1) Pre-formed enterotoxin ingested. Explanation: Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused by the ingestion of pre-formed enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in food, not by colonization or localized toxic action after infection. 

Question 30: In Chordates, the intracellular K+ concentration is... and Na+ ion concentration is... 

(Rajyaseva Purva 2020) 1) Low, high 2) Low, low 3) High, low 4) High, high 

Answer: (3) High, low. Explanation: In animal cells, including chordates, the intracellular concentration of potassium (K+) is significantly higher than the extracellular concentration, while the intracellular concentration of sodium (Na+) is significantly lower than the extracellular concentration due to the action of the Na+/K+ pump. 

Question 31: Which of the following phyla has a very simple body plan and bilateral symmetry? 

(AMVI Pre.2020) 1) Porifera 2) Coelenterata 3) Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) 4) Annelida (Segmented worms) 

Answer: (3) Platyhelminthes (Flatworms). Explanation: Platyhelminthes are the simplest animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry and a more organized body plan compared to Porifera (sponges) and Coelenterata (cnidarians), which are radially symmetrical or asymmetrical. 

Question 32: Platyhelminthes are best described as: 

(Combine 'B' Pre. 2019) 1) Flatworms, Triploblastic, Acoelomate animals 2) Flatworms, Diploblastic, Acoelomate animals 3) Flatworms, Triploblastic, Coelomate animals 4) Flatworms, Triploblastic, Pseudocoelomate animals 

Answer: (1) Flatworms, Triploblastic, Acoelomate animals. Explanation: Platyhelminthes are commonly known as flatworms, are triploblastic (having three germ layers), and are acoelomate, meaning they lack a true body cavity or coelom. 

Question 33: How many Malpighian tubules are present in the male and female grasshopper? 

(MPSC Pre. 2019) 1) 04 and 04 2) 10 and 10 3) 12 and 12 4) 23 and 24 

Answer: (4) 23 and 24. Explanation: Grasshoppers typically have a large number of Malpighian tubules, with variations depending on the species. While the exact number can vary, options indicating a large number like 23 and 24 are more plausible than smaller numbers like 4, 10, or 12. 

Question 34: Choose the correct option regarding Sharks: 

(Combine 'C' Pre. 2019) a) Ventral mouth b) Viviparous c) Cycloid scales d) Cartilaginous endoskeleton Optional answers: 1) (a) (b) and (d) 2) Only (a) and (c) 3) Only (b) and (d) 4) Only (d) 

Answer: (1) (a) (b) and (d). Explanation: Sharks possess a ventral mouth, can be viviparous (live-bearing), and have a cartilaginous endoskeleton. They typically have placoid scales, not cycloid scales, which are found in bony fish. 

Question 35: Fill in the blank with the correct option: 

Cockroach : Malpighian tubules :: Earthworm : ? 

(Combine 'C' Pre. 2019) 1) Achaetous 2) Clitellum 3) Kidney 4) Nephridia 

Answer: (4) Nephridia. Explanation: Malpighian tubules are the excretory organs in cockroaches (and other insects), while nephridia are the excretory organs in earthworms. 

Here are the English translations and answers to the questions: 

Question 37: 

Translation: In which of the following phyla is organ-level organization found? (Combine 'C' Pre. 2018) 1) Porifera 2) Protozoa 3) Platyhelminthes 4) Coelenterata 

Answer: (3) Platyhelminthes Explanation: Platyhelminthes (flatworms) are the first group of animals to exhibit organ-level organization, meaning their tissues are organized into organs, although true organ systems are not fully developed. [1, 2]  

Question 38: 

Translation: Yellow-green algal plants are called ............ . (Combine 'C' Pre. 2018) 1) Chlorophyceae 2) Cyanophyceae 3) Phaeophyceae 4) Xanthophyceae 

Answer: (4) Xanthophyceae Explanation: Xanthophyceae are commonly known as yellow-green algae due to the presence of xanthophyll pigments which give them their characteristic color. [3]  

Question 39: 

Translation: Mucorales, a group of fungi, are known as ............ . (Combine 'C' Pre. 2018) 1) Black molds 2) Blue molds 3) Green molds 4) Yellow molds 

Answer: (1) Black molds Explanation: Mucorales, particularly species like Rhizopus stolonifer, are commonly known as black bread mold or black molds due to the dark spores they produce. [4]  

Question 40: 

Translation: The correct sequence of terga (T) and sterna (S) in the abdomen of a cockroach is: (Combine 'C' Pre. 2018) 1) T-10, S - 10 2) T-9, S - 9 3) T-9, S - 10 4) T-10, S - 9 

Answer: (4) T-10, S - 9 Explanation: In the abdomen of a cockroach, there are typically 10 terga (dorsal plates) and 9 sterna (ventral plates). The 10th sternum is reduced or absent in some species. [5]  

The image contains a question asking to identify the correct statements among the given options. Here's the translation and the answer: 

Question: Which of the following statements are correct? 

Statements: 

a) All vertebrates are chordates. b) All types of birds fly in the air. c) All insects are heterotrophs. d) All mollusks are shelled. 

Options: 

1) Only (b) and (c) 2) Only (a) 3) Only (c) and (d) 4) Only (b) 

Answer: 

Correct option: 2) Only (a) 

Explanation: 

• (a) All vertebrates are chordates: This statement is correct. Vertebrates are a subphylum within the phylum Chordata, meaning all vertebrates possess the defining characteristics of chordates at some point in their development (like a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail). 

• (b) All types of birds fly in the air: This statement is incorrect. There are several flightless birds, such as ostriches, emus, kiwis, and penguins. 

• (c) All insects are heterotrophs: This statement is correct. Insects, like all animals, obtain their nutrition by consuming other organisms or organic matter, making them heterotrophs. 

• (d) All mollusks are shelled: This statement is incorrect. While many mollusks, such as snails and clams, have shells, there are also many shell-less mollusks, like octopuses and slugs. 

Here is the English translation of the questions and their answers: 

1. Which of the following statements are correct? 

(Combine 'B' Pre. 2018) a) Taenia solium is called hookworm. b) Fasciola hepatica is known as liver fluke. c) Ancylostoma duodenale is also called tapeworm. d) Nereis is commonly called ragworm. Options: 1) c only 2) b and d only 3) a only 4) a and c only 

Answer: (2) b and d only 

Explanation: [1]  

• Fasciola hepatica is indeed commonly known as the liver fluke. 

• Nereis is a genus of marine worms, often referred to as ragworms or sandworms. 

• Taenia solium is a tapeworm, not a hookworm. Hookworms are typically Ancylostoma or Necator species. 

• Ancylostoma duodenale is a hookworm, not a tapeworm. 

2. Egg-laying mammals belong to the animal class called... 

(Excise Pre. 2017) 1) Prototheria 2) Theria 3) Eutheria 4) Metatheria 

Answer: (1) Prototheria Explanation: Prototheria is a subclass of mammals that includes the monotremes (like platypus and echidna), which are characterized by laying eggs. [1]  

3. Absence of digestive process is found in which of these? 

(Excise Pre. 2017) 1) Liver fluke 2) Tapeworm 3) Ascaris 4) Earthworm 

Answer: (2) Tapeworm Explanation: Tapeworms (Cestoda) are endoparasites that lack a digestive system and absorb nutrients directly through their body surface from the host's digested food. [1]  

4. Aphids or leafhoppers belong to which order (group)? 

(Excise Pre. 2017) 1) Lepidoptera 2) Coleoptera 3) Diptera 4) Hemiptera 

Answer: (4) Hemiptera Explanation: Aphids and leafhoppers are insects belonging to the order Hemiptera, which is characterized by piercing-sucking mouthparts. [1]  

5. Autotrophs are organisms that... 

(Clerk/Typist. Mains 2017) 

Answer: Autotrophs are organisms that produce their own food, typically by photosynthesis (using light energy) or chemosynthesis (using chemical energy). Explanation: This question asks for the definition of autotrophs. Autotrophs are organisms that can synthesize their own food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy. [1]  

Here are the translations and answers to the questions: 

46. Teleostei is a superorder in which "flying fish" are commonly called. Which of these animals are they? 

(Combine 'B' Pre. 2017) 1) Anguilla 2) Exocoetus 3) Hippocampus 4) Hemiramphus 

Answer: (2) Exocoetus Explanation: Exocoetus is a genus of ray-finned fish in the family Exocoetidae, commonly known as flying fish, which are known for their ability to glide through the air above the water. 

47. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the process of spermatogenesis? 

(Combine 'B' Pre. 2017) 1) Spermatogonia, Spermatocyte, Spermatid, Sperm 2) Spermatocyte, Spermatogonia, Spermatid, Sperm 3) Spermatocyte, Spermatid, Spermatogonia, Sperm 4) Spermatogonia, Spermatocyte, Sperm, Spermatid 

Answer: (1) Spermatogonia, Spermatocyte, Spermatid, Sperm Explanation: Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm formation, beginning with spermatogonia, which develop into primary spermatocytes, then secondary spermatocytes, followed by spermatids, and finally mature sperm. 

48. Members of this animal class are hermaphroditic in Annelida. 

(Combine 'B' Pre. 2017) 1) Polychaeta and Oligochaeta 2) Oligochaeta and Hirudinea 3) Hirudinea and Archiannelida 4) Polychaeta and Hirudinea 

Answer: (2) Oligochaeta and Hirudinea Explanation: Both Oligochaeta (e.g., earthworms) and Hirudinea (leeches) are classes within the phylum Annelida that contain hermaphroditic species. 

49. According to the principle of classification, which classification is correct? 

(MPSC Pre. 2017) 1) Sea-fan, Sea-star, Sea-pen 2) Jellyfish, Silverfish, Starfish 3) Pholas, Pila, Cuttlefish 4) Earthworm, Acorn worm, Clam-worm 

Answer: (1) Sea-fan, Sea-star, Sea-pen Explanation: Sea-fan (Gorgonian), Sea-star (Starfish), and Sea-pen are all marine invertebrates belonging to the phylum Cnidaria (Sea-fan, Sea-pen) and Echinodermata (Sea-star), but they are commonly grouped together due to their shared marine habitat and often similar appearance or ecological roles. 

50. Whales are classified as mammals because: 

(ASO Pre. 2016) 1) They live in water 2) They lay eggs 3) They have a muscular diaphragm between the chest and abdominal cavity 4) They are warm-blooded animals 

Answer: (3) They have a muscular diaphragm between the chest and abdominal cavity Explanation: The presence of a muscular diaphragm separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities is a defining characteristic of mammals, including whales, enabling efficient breathing. 

51. Which of the following fish has an asymmetrical caudal fin? 

(ASO Pre. 2016) 1) Pomfret 2) Bombay Duck 3) Shark 4) Eel 

Answer: (3) Shark Explanation: Sharks typically possess a heterocercal caudal fin, meaning the upper lobe is larger than the lower lobe, resulting in an asymmetrical shape. 

52. Archaeopteryx was a vertebrate animal connecting which two classes? 

(PSI Pre. 2016) 1) Amphibians and Reptiles 2) Reptiles and Birds 3) Birds and Mammals 4) Fish and Amphibians 

Answer: (2) Reptiles and Birds Explanation: Archaeopteryx is considered a transitional fossil that exhibits characteristics of both reptiles (e.g., teeth, long bony tail) and birds (e.g., feathers, wings), providing evidence for the evolutionary link between them. 

53. Lizard-like amphibians are counted in the order Salamander. 

(PSI Pre. 2016) 

Answer: Yes, lizard-like amphibians are indeed counted in the order Caudata, which includes salamanders and newts. Explanation: Salamanders are amphibians belonging to the order Caudata, characterized by their lizard-like appearance, including a distinct head, trunk, and tail. 

Here are the English translations and answers to the questions provided in the image: 

54. Match the following: (STI Pre. 2016) a) Leech b) Octopus c) Dogfish d) Stegosaurus 

Options: 1) Pisces 2) Reptilia 3) Mollusca 4) Annelida 

Answer: 

The correct matching is: 

• Leech (a) belongs to Annelida (4). 

• Octopus (b) belongs to Mollusca (3). 

• Dogfish (c) belongs to Pisces (1). 

• Stegosaurus (d) belongs to Reptilia (2). 

Therefore, the correct option is 3) a-4, b-3, c-1, d-2. 

55. Which of the following protozoan classes is characterized by the presence of both macronucleus and micronucleus? (STI Pre. 2016) 1) Flagellata 2) Sarcodina 3) Sporozoa 4) Ciliata 

Answer: 

The class of protozoans characterized by the presence of both a macronucleus and a micronucleus is 4) Ciliata. Ciliates, such as Paramecium, possess these two types of nuclei, with the macronucleus controlling vegetative functions and the micronucleus involved in genetic recombination during conjugation. 

56. The shell of snails belonging to the class Gastropoda is made of a ________ valve. (STI Pre. 2016) 1) Double 2) Single 3) Quadruple 4) Triple 

Answer: 

The shell of snails belonging to the class Gastropoda is typically made of a 2) Single valve. Gastropods are characterized by their coiled, univalve (single-shelled) or absent shells. 

57. Match the correct pairs. (STI Pre. 2016) a) Holotype b) Lectotype c) Neotype d) Isotype 

Options: 1) When the nomenclatural type is lost 2) Original nomenclatural type 3) When the holotype is lost 4) Duplicate of the holotype 

Answer: 

The correct matching is: 

• Holotype (a) is the Original nomenclatural type (2). 

• Lectotype (b) is selected from the original material when the holotype is lost or not designated (3). 

• Neotype (c) is designated when all original type material is lost (1). 

• Isotype (d) is a Duplicate of the holotype (4). 

Therefore, the correct option is 4) a-2, b-3, c-1, d-4. 

58. Which deer enchanted Sita in Ramayana? (MPSC Pre. 2016) 1) Musk Deer 2) Blackbuck 3) Chital 4) Chinkara 

Answer: 

The deer that enchanted Sita in the Ramayana was the 3) Chital, specifically Maricha disguised as a golden deer (Suvarna Mriga). 

59. Which of the following animals has radial symmetry? (STI Pre. 2015) 1) Frog 2) Prawn 3) Fish 4) Starfish 

Answer: 

Among the given options, the animal that exhibits radial symmetry is 4) Starfish. Starfish are echinoderms known for their characteristic five-fold radial symmetry. 

60. All the properties mentioned below are found in which arthropods? (STI Pre. 2015) 

(Note: The image cuts off the properties list for question 60, so a complete answer cannot be provided without that information.) 

The image contains a multiple-choice question in Marathi, which translates to: 

Question: 

a) 2 pairs of antennae b) Compound eyes on stalks c) Gills for respiration d) 3 or more pairs of oral appendages 

Alternative answers: 1) Crab 2) Butterfly 3) Centipede 4) Scorpion 

Answer and Explanation: 

The correct answer is 1) Crab. 

Explanation: 

• 2 pairs of antennae: Crabs possess two pairs of antennae, which are sensory appendages used for touch and chemical sensing. 

• Compound eyes on stalks: Crabs have compound eyes mounted on movable stalks, providing them with a wide field of vision. 

• Gills for respiration: As aquatic animals, crabs primarily breathe using gills, which extract oxygen from the water. 

• 3 or more pairs of oral appendages: Crabs have several pairs of mouthparts (oral appendages) used for manipulating and consuming food, including mandibles, maxillae, and maxillipeds. [1]  

Here is the English translation of the questions and their answers: 

Question 61: In which class is the animal Salamander classified? (STI Pre. 2015) 1) Aves (Bird class) 2) Mammals 3) Amphibians 4) Reptiles 

Answer: 3) Amphibians Explanation: Salamanders are amphibians, characterized by their ability to live both in water and on land during different stages of their life cycle. 

Question 62: Silverfish are commonly found with what? (ASO Pre. 2015) 1) Rocks 2) Algae 3) Other fish 4) Old books 

Answer: 4) Old books Explanation: Silverfish are small, wingless insects known to feed on carbohydrates found in paper, glue, and other organic materials, making old books a common habitat for them. 

Question 63: Which of these amphibians has a tail and legs? (ASO Pre. 2015) 1) Caecilian 2) Frog 3) Toad 4) Salamander 

Answer: 4) Salamander Explanation: Among the given options, salamanders are amphibians that retain their tails and possess legs throughout their adult lives, unlike frogs and toads which lose their tails during metamorphosis. 

Question 64: Which of these have the power of atmospheric nitrogen fixation and are used to increase soil fertility in paddy fields in marshy areas? (ASO Pre. 2015) 1) Chlamydomonas and Chlorella 2) Nostoc and Anabaena 3) Pandorina and Eudorina 4) Ulothrix and Volvox 

Answer: 2) Nostoc and Anabaena Explanation: Nostoc and Anabaena are cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) known for their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, which enhances soil fertility, particularly in waterlogged conditions like paddy fields. 

Question 65: Which of the following two statements is correct? (STI Pre. 2014) A) Silverfish belongs to the fish class. B) The maximum lifespan of a dog is 15 years. Alternative Answers: 1) Only A is correct 2) Only B is correct 3) Both A and B are correct 4) Both A and B are incorrect 

Answer: 4) Both A and B are incorrect 

Explanation: 

A) Silverfish are insects, not fish. B) While 15 years can be a typical lifespan for some dogs, many breeds can live longer, and the maximum lifespan can exceed 15 years. 

Question 66: Which of the following two statements is correct? (STI Pre. 2014) A) Fish have the least developed sense organ for light in the animal kingdom. B) Snakes do not have a four-chambered heart. Alternative Answers: 1) Only A is correct 2) Only B is correct 3) Both A and B are correct 4) Both A and B are incorrect 

Answer: 2) Only B is correct 

Explanation: 

A) Fish have well-developed eyes and a sense of vision, which is crucial for their survival in aquatic environments. B) Snakes, being reptiles, generally have a three-chambered heart with an incompletely divided ventricle, not a four-chambered heart like mammals and birds. 

Here are the English translations and answers to the questions from the image: 

Question 1: 

Which of the following methods is incorrect according to the rules of binomial nomenclature? (STI Pre. 2014) 1) Binomial names are written in italics. 2) Both genus and species names begin with a capital letter. 3) The species name comes after the genus name. 4) In binomial nomenclature, the species name is always present. 

Answer: (2) Both genus and species names begin with a capital letter. Explanation: In binomial nomenclature, only the genus name begins with a capital letter, while the species name starts with a lowercase letter. 

Question 2: 

Which of the following mammals lays eggs? (PSI Pre. 2014) 1) Kangaroo 2) Platypus 3) Penguin 4) Whale 

Answer: (2) Platypus Explanation: The platypus is a monotreme, a group of mammals known for laying eggs instead of giving birth to live young. 

Question 3: 

Which of the following animals has a four-chambered heart? (PSI Pre. 2014) 1) Frog 2) Crocodile 3) Shark 4) Lizard 

Answer: (2) Crocodile Explanation: Among the given options, crocodiles are reptiles that possess a four-chambered heart, similar to birds and mammals. 

Question 4: 

Which of the following statements is true regarding poikilothermic (cold-blooded) animals? (ASO Pre. 2014) 1) Blood is frozen. 2) Blood is cold. 3) Body temperature changes according to external temperature. 4) Body temperature is stable. 

Answer: (3) Body temperature changes according to external temperature. Explanation: Poikilothermic animals, also known as cold-blooded animals, cannot regulate their own body temperature and their internal temperature fluctuates with the ambient temperature. 

Here are the translations and answers to the questions: 

71. Which of the following animals is not an insect? (ASO Pre. 2014) 1) Mosquito 2) Fly 3) Spider (Koli) 4) Bed bug 

Answer: 3) Spider (Koli) Explanation: Spiders are arachnids, not insects. Insects have six legs and three body segments (head, thorax, abdomen), while spiders have eight legs and two body segments (cephalothorax and abdomen). 

72. Which animal has the largest heart? (ASO Pre. 2014) 1) Crocodile 2) Elephant 3) Lion 4) Giraffe 

Answer: 4) Giraffe Explanation: Giraffes have exceptionally large hearts to pump blood up their long necks to their brains, requiring high blood pressure. 

73. A scorpion is a(n) ________ animal. (STI Pre. 2013) 1) Egg-laying 2) Live-bearing (giving birth to young) 3) Both of the above 4) None of these 

Answer: 2) Live-bearing (giving birth to young) Explanation: Scorpions are viviparous, meaning they give birth to live young rather than laying eggs. 

74. The earthworm belongs to which phylum? (Asst. Pre. 2013) 1) Porifera 2) Coelenterata 3) Annelida 4) Mollusca 

Answer: 3) Annelida Explanation: Earthworms are segmented worms that belong to the phylum Annelida, which includes segmented worms like leeches and polychaetes. 

75. Which of the following is a flying mammal? (PSI Pre. 2012) 1) Parrot 2) Bat 3) Owl 4) Kite 

Answer: 2) Bat Explanation: Bats are the only mammals capable of sustained flight. Parrots, owls, and kites are birds. 

76. Spirogyra is a type of ________ algae. (STI Pre. 2011) 1) Blue-green 2) Green 3) Red 4) Colorless 

Answer: 2) Green Explanation: Spirogyra is a genus of filamentous green algae, characterized by its spiral arrangement of chloroplasts. 

77. A snail belongs to the phylum ________. (STI Pre. 2011) 1) Mollusca 2) Arthropoda 3) Echinodermata 4) Nematoda 

Answer: 1) Mollusca Explanation: Snails are invertebrates belonging to the phylum Mollusca, which also includes clams, octopuses, and squids. 

End of Chapter 1 - Classification of Animals 

Chapter 2 

The image contains two questions in Marathi, likely from a competitive exam or study material, along with options and an answer key. 

Question 1: "जनक" (Founder/Originator) 

Translation: Who is the originator of the term "Taxonomy"? (Combined Group C Main Dec. 2023) a. Aristotle c. A.P.D. Candolle b. Linnaeus d. Plato 

Answer: (2) Only a and b 

Explanation: The question asks about the originator of the term "Taxonomy." While Carl Linnaeus is widely recognized as the "Father of Modern Taxonomy" for his work on classifying organisms (Binomial Nomenclature), the term "taxonomy" itself is often attributed to A.P. de Candolle, a Swiss botanist, who coined it in 1813. Therefore, both Aristotle (for early classification efforts) and Linnaeus are relevant to the development of taxonomy, but Candolle is specifically associated with coining the term. The provided answer key suggests "Only a and b," which would imply Aristotle and Linnaeus, but the most direct answer for "originator of the term" points to Candolle. Given the options, and assuming the question refers to the broader concept of classification and its foundational figures, both Aristotle and Linnaeus are significant. [1]  

Question 2: "वनस्पती गटाचे योग्य उदाहरण जोडी जुळवा." (Match the correct pair of plant group with its example) 

Translation: Match the correct pair of plant group with its example. (Combined Group C Main Dec. 2023) 

Plant Group 

a. Algae b. Bryophyta c. Pteridophyta d. Gymnosperms 

Example 

i. Cycas ii. Lycopodium iii. Funaria iv. Chlamydomonas 

Answer: 3) 2 

Explanation: This question requires matching the plant groups with their correct examples. 

• a. Algae (शैवाळ): An example is iv. Chlamydomonas, which is a type of green algae. 

• b. Bryophyta (ब्रायोफायटा): An example is iii. Funaria, commonly known as moss, which belongs to Bryophyta. 

• c. Pteridophyta (टेरिडोफायटा): An example is ii. Lycopodium, also known as clubmoss, which is a type of Pteridophyte. 

• d. Gymnosperms (अनावृत्तबीज): An example is i. Cycas, a well-known gymnosperm. 

The provided answer key "3) 2" indicates the correct matching sequence based on the options given below the table. Without the full options, it's difficult to definitively interpret "3) 2," but it likely refers to a specific combination of these matches. Based on the standard classification: 

• a-iv 

• b-iii 

• c-ii 

• d-i

The question translates to: 

3. Match the algal groups with their respective pigments: 

(Combined Group and Main Nov. 2023) 

Algal Group | Pigment 

---|--- A. Chlorophyceae | i) Chlorophyll a and b B. Phaeophyceae | ii) Phycoerythrin C. Rhodophyceae | iii) Fucoxanthin D. Chrysophyceae | iv) Phycocyanin 

Alternative Answers: 

| A | B | C | D |

| --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 1) ii | i | iv | iii |

| 2) i | iii | ii | iv |

Answer: 

The correct match is option 2. 

Explanation: 

• Chlorophyceae (Green Algae): primarily contain Chlorophyll a and b, which give them their characteristic green color. 

• Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae): contain fucoxanthin, which is a brown pigment masking the chlorophyll. 

• Rhodophyceae (Red Algae): contain phycoerythrin, a red pigment responsible for their red color. 

• Chrysophyceae (Golden Algae): contain phycocyanin, a blue-green pigment, along with other pigments like chlorophyll a and c. [1]  

Therefore, the correct pairings are: 

• A. Chlorophyceae - i) Chlorophyll a and b 

• B. Phaeophyceae - iii) Fucoxanthin 

• C. Rhodophyceae - ii) Phycoerythrin 

• D. Chrysophyceae - iv) Phycocyanin 

Here is the English translation and answers to the questions: 

4. Which of the following statement/statements is/are correct? 

(Combined Group B Main November 2023) A. Zamia is in the order Cycadales. B. Pinus is in the order Coniferales. C. Taxus is in the order Gnetales. D. Thuja is in the order Pteridospermales. Options: 1) Statement D is correct 2) Statements A and C are correct 3) Statements A and B are correct 4) Statements C and D are correct 

Answer: (3) Statements A and B are correct. Explanation: Zamia belongs to the order Cycadales, and Pinus belongs to the order Coniferales. Taxus is in the order Coniferales, not Gnetales, and Thuja is also in Coniferales, not Pteridospermales. 

5. Anguina tritici is a parasitic nematode found on which plant? 

(Rajyaseva Pre-Exam, 2023) (1) Wheat (2) Rice (3) Jowar (Sorghum) (4) Bajra (Pearl Millet) 

Answer: (1) Wheat Explanation: Anguina tritici is a well-known nematode that causes "ear cockle" or "seed gall" disease in wheat. 

6. What is the important function of light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis? 

(Rajyaseva Pre-Exam, 2023) (1) Conversion of NADH and ATP (2) Utilization of NADPH and ATP (3) Formation of NADPH and ATP (4) All of the above 

Answer: (3) Formation of NADPH and ATP Explanation: The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), which are then used in the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) to produce glucose. 

7. Find the incorrect pair. 

(Rajyaseva Pre-Exam, 2023) (1) Labiatae - Lamiaceae (2) Palmae - Arecaceae (3) Compositae - Clusiaceae (4) Umbelliferae - Apiaceae 

Answer: (3) Compositae - Clusiaceae Explanation: Compositae is the old name for the Asteraceae family, not Clusiaceae. Labiatae is synonymous with Lamiaceae, Palmae with Arecaceae, and Umbelliferae with Apiaceae. 

8. In algal classification, the group 'Chaetophorales' belongs to which of the following classes? 

(Maharashtra Unofficial Pre-Exam, April 2023) (1) Chlorophyta (2) Charophyta (3) Cyanophyta (4) Rhodophyta 

Answer: (1) Chlorophyta Explanation: Chaetophorales is an order of green algae, which are part of the class Chlorophyceae within the division Chlorophyta. 

9. Plants die due to excessive water because: 

(Maharashtra Unofficial Pre-Exam, April 2023) (1) Water neutralizes the pH of the soil. (2) Roots are deprived of oxygen. (3) Parasites grow on the roots due to water. (4) All minerals required for plant growth are lost. 

Answer: (2) Roots are deprived of oxygen. Explanation: Excessive water in the soil leads to waterlogging, which reduces the availability of oxygen to the roots. Plant roots require oxygen for respiration, and a lack of oxygen can lead to root damage and ultimately the death of the plant. This condition is known as anoxia or hypoxia. 

Here are the English translations of the questions and their answers: 

10. Which of the following is most useful for nitrogen fixation? 

(Maharashtra Unofficial Pre-Exam, April) (1) Chlorophyceae (2) Myxophyceae (3) Rhodophyceae (4) Phaeophyceae 

Answer: (2) Myxophyceae Explanation: Myxophyceae, also known as Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae, are known for their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, which is crucial for soil fertility. 

11. From what is Carotene extracted? 

(Clerk (Mains) Feb. 2021) (1) Cauliflower (2) Potato (3) Carrot (4) None of these 

Answer: (3) Carrot Explanation: Carotene is a pigment found abundantly in carrots, giving them their characteristic orange color. 

12. Neem contains an insecticide called: 

(Combined Group 'C' Pre, 2021) a) D.D.T. b) Azadirachtin c) Aldrin d) B.H.C. Which of the above option/options is/are correct? 1) a and b only 2) b only 3) c only 4) c and d only 

Answer: 2) b only Explanation: Azadirachtin is the primary active compound in neem responsible for its insecticidal properties. 

13. What is a fruit-bearing tree called? 

(Combined Group 'C' Pre, 2022) a) Inefficient (अकार्यक्षम) b) Fertile (उपजाऊ) c) Apocarpous d) Parthenocarpous Which of the above option/options is/are correct? 1) a only 2) a and b only 3) b and c only 4) d only 

Answer: 3) b and c only Explanation: While "fertile" generally describes a fruit-bearing tree, "apocarpous" specifically refers to a type of fruit development from separate carpels, and "parthenocarpous" refers to fruits developed without fertilization. The question seems to be looking for terms related to fruit production. 

14. The reasons affecting crop production due to irrigation in saline tracts are: 

(Combine 'B' Pre 2022) a) Due to poor soil texture b) Due to stunted crop growth c) Due to yellowing of leaves d) Due to accumulation of salts in the soil Which of the above statement/statements is/are correct? 1) (a) only 2) (a) and (b) only 3) (a), (b) and (c) only 4) (a) and (d) only 

Answer: 4) (a) and (d) only Explanation: In saline tracts, irrigation can lead to the accumulation of salts in the soil (salinization), which negatively impacts soil texture and reduces water availability to plants, thereby affecting crop production. 

15. What is an internal pest? 

(Combine 'B' Pre 2022) 1) Occurring frequently in a month 2) Occurring in a region 3) Occurring annually in a region 4) Occurring severely in a region 

Answer: 3) Occurring annually in a region Explanation: An "internal pest" or endemic pest refers to a pest that is regularly found in a particular area or region, often year after year. 

16. Trees whose seeds are exposed are called? 

(Combine 'B' Pre 2) 1) Angiosperms 2) Gymnosperms 3) Tracheophyta 4) Cryptogams 

Answer: 2) Gymnosperms Explanation: Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants whose seeds are "naked," meaning they are not enclosed within an ovary or fruit, unlike angiosperms. 

Question 1: Which of the following hormones causes aging in plants? (Rajyaseva Purva, 2022) 1) Auxin 2) Cytokinin 3) Ethylene 4) Abscisic Acid 

Answer: 3) Ethylene Explanation: Ethylene is a plant hormone primarily known for its role in fruit ripening and senescence (aging) processes in plants, including leaf abscission and flower wilting. 

Question 2: During the Krebs cycle of respiration in plants, by which of the following processes is fumaric acid converted into malic acid? (Rajyaseva Purva, 2022) 1) Decarboxylation 2) Dehydrogenation 3) Dehydration 4) Hydration 

Answer: 4) Hydration Explanation: In the Krebs cycle, fumaric acid is converted to malic acid through a hydration reaction, where a molecule of water is added to fumarate by the enzyme fumarase. 

Question 3: Which of the following fungi requires zinc for normal growth and beak formation? (Clerk/Typist Mains 2021) 1) Azotobacter 2) Aspergillus niger 3) Penicillium 4) Mucor 

Answer: 2) Aspergillus niger Explanation: Aspergillus niger is known to require zinc for its growth and various metabolic processes, including the production of citric acid. Zinc acts as a cofactor for several enzymes crucial for its development. 

Question 4: The scientific name (biological) address of White Button Mushrooms is: (Combine Group 'C' Purva - 2021) 1) Pleurotus florida 2) Volvariella volvacea 3) Agaricus bisporus 4) Eremothecium ashbyi 

Answer: 3) Agaricus bisporus Explanation: Agaricus bisporus is the widely cultivated mushroom known as the common mushroom, button mushroom, or champignon mushroom. 

Question 5: Who discovered the natural classification system of plants? (Combine 'B' 2021) 1) Theophrastus 2) Bentham and Hooker 3) Carl Linnaeus 4) J.M. Smith 

Answer: 2) Bentham and Hooker Explanation: George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker proposed a significant natural system of classification for seed plants in their work "Genera Plantarum," which was based on actual characters and relationships. 

Question 6: Algae and Fungi are included in which of the following groups? (Combine 'B' 2020) 1) Gymnosperms 2) Thallophytes 3) Angiosperms 4) Bryophytes 

Answer: 2) Thallophytes Explanation: Thallophytes are a polyphyletic group of non-mobile organisms traditionally described as "simple plants" or "lower plants." This group includes fungi, algae, lichens, and sometimes bryophytes. They are characterized by a simple thallus body, lacking true roots, stems, and leaves. 

Question 7: Which of the following bio-fertilizers is used for paddy cultivation? (Combine 'B' 2020) 1) Red Algae 2) Brown Algae 3) Rhizobium 4) Blue-green Algae 

Answer: 4) Blue-green Algae Explanation: Blue-green algae, also known as cyanobacteria, are widely used as bio-fertilizers in paddy fields due to their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, enriching the soil and promoting rice growth. 

Question 8: "Currently, there is a growing demand for fresh and good quality flowers in human diet globally." Identify the reason that is NOT consistent with the above statement based on the potential utility mentioned below. (Rajyaseva Purva 2020) 1) Flowers naturally have antioxidant and scavenging (which has the ability to scavenge active oxygen) efficacy. 2) Flowers are rich in "anthocyanins." 3) Flowers are attractive and aid in the pollination process. 4) Flowers are a good source of important vitamins and minerals. 

Answer: 3) Flowers are attractive and aid in the pollination process. Explanation: While flowers are indeed attractive and play a crucial role in pollination, this characteristic is primarily related to plant reproduction and aesthetics, not their nutritional value or direct consumption by humans, which is the focus of the statement about human diet. The other options directly relate to the nutritional benefits of consuming flowers. 

Here is the English translation of the questions and their answers: 

25. Match the following pairs (Choose the correct option): 

(State Service Pre 2020) 

A) Aristotle B) Theophrastus C) Hippocrates D) Gregor Johann Mendel 

1) Father of Medicine 2) Father of Genetics 3) Father of Botany 4) Father of Biology 

Options: 

1) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 2) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1 3) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2 4) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3 

Answer: (3) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2 

• Explanation: Aristotle is known as the Father of Biology, Theophrastus as the Father of Botany, Hippocrates as the Father of Medicine, and Gregor Johann Mendel as the Father of Genetics. 

26. In Angiosperms (flowering plants), where does the seed develop? 

(AMVI Pre.2020) 

1) Flower 2) Fruit 3) Ovule 4) Pericarp 

Answer: (3) Ovule 

• Explanation: In angiosperms, the ovule develops into the seed after fertilization. 

27. Bryophytes differ from Pteridophytes in terms of: 

(Combine 'C' Pre. 2019) 

1) Vascularized 2) Seeds 3) Non-vascularized 4) Spore-bearing 

Answer: (3) Non-vascularized 

• Explanation: Bryophytes are non-vascular plants, meaning they lack true vascular tissues (xylem and phloem), unlike pteridophytes which are vascular. 

28. Who proposed the natural system of plant classification? 

(Combine 'C' Pre. 2019) 

1) Engler and Prantl 2) Bessey 3) Bentham and Hooker 4) Takhtajan 

Answer: (3) Bentham and Hooker 

• Explanation: George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker proposed a natural system of classification for seed plants, widely used for a long time. 

29. Which of the following algae is used for commercial production of a substance called 'Agar'? 

(Clerk Mains 2019) 

1) Green algae 2) Red algae 3) Brown algae 4) None of the above 

Answer: (2) Red algae 

• Explanation: Agar, a gelatinous substance, is primarily derived from red algae, particularly species like Gracilaria and Gelidium. 

30. Which of the following cations is found in the highest proportion in plants? 

(Clerk Mains 2019) 

1) K$^{+}$ 2) Cu$^{2+}$ 3) Mg$^{2+}$ 4) CO$_{2}^{+}$ 

Answer: (1) K$^{+}$ 

• Explanation: Potassium (K$^{+}$) is a macronutrient and is required in the largest quantities by plants among the given options, playing a crucial role in various physiological processes. 

31. In the classification of plants, which properties of chromosomes play an important role? 

(Combine 'B' Pre. 2018) 

A) Chromosome number B) Chromosome morphology C) Chromosome size D) Chromosome aberrations 

Which of the above statements/statements are correct? 

1) A only 2) B only 3) A, B and C only 4) A, B, C, D 

Answer: (4) A, B, C, D 

• Explanation: All listed properties of chromosomes – number, morphology (structure), size, and aberrations (changes or abnormalities) – are considered significant in plant classification and phylog

enetic studies. 

Here are the English translations and answers to the questions: 

32. According to Sir J.C. Bose, an Indian scientist, the ascent of sap occurs due to the living cells inside the cortical layer through which action? 

(Rajyaseva Pre. 2018) 1) Pulsatory action 2) Transpiration pull theory 3) Cohesion theory 4) Root pressure theory 

Answer: (1) Pulsatory action Explanation: Sir J.C. Bose proposed the vitalistic theory of sap ascent, which suggested that the living cells of the cortex, particularly the innermost layer, actively pump water upwards through rhythmic pulsations. [1]  

33. Who proposed the classification method of giving two names (binomial nomenclature)? 

(Rajyaseva Pre. 2018) 1) Carolus Linnaeus 2) Bentham and Hooker 3) Theophrastus 4) Hutchinson 

Answer: (1) Carolus Linnaeus Explanation: Carolus Linnaeus is widely recognized as the "father of modern taxonomy" and is credited with formalizing binomial nomenclature, a system for naming organisms where each species is given a two-part name. [1]  

34. Which of the following plant groups has vascular tissue, produces spores but no seeds? 

(Combine 'B' Pre. 2018) 1) Bryophyta 2) Pteridophyta 3) Gymnosperms 4) Angiosperms 

Answer: (2) Pteridophyta Explanation: Pteridophytes (like ferns) are vascular plants that reproduce by spores and do not produce seeds. Bryophytes lack true vascular tissue, while gymnosperms and angiosperms are seed-bearing plants. [1]  

35. Cuscuta (Amarbel) is a ............ plant. 

(Excise Pre. 2017) 1) growing on decaying animal or plant matter 2) insectivorous 3) pitcher plant 4) stem parasite 

Answer: (4) stem parasite Explanation: Cuscuta, commonly known as dodder, is a parasitic plant that lacks chlorophyll and obtains nutrients by attaching to and drawing sustenance from the stems of other plants. [1]  

36. The smallest plant in the Angiosperm class is: 

(Excise Pre. 2017) 1) Wolffia 2) Vallisneria 3) Hydrilla 4) Eichhornia 

Answer: (1) Wolffia Explanation: Wolffia is the smallest known flowering plant in the world, belonging to the family Lemnaceae (duckweeds) within the Angiosperms. [1]  

37. Protein synthesis occurs in the ............ in plant cells. 

(Clerk/Typist Mains 2017) 1) Lysosomes 2) Ribosomes 3) Golgi bodies 4) Mitochondria 

Answer: (2) Ribosomes Explanation: Ribosomes are cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis, where they translate messenger RNA (mRNA) into protein sequences. [1]  

38. Ferns come under the group of ............ 

(Combine 'B' Pre. 2017) 1) Bryophyta 2) Gymnosperms 3) Pteridophyta 4) Angiosperms 

Answer: (3) Pteridophyta Explanation: Ferns are a diverse group of plants belonging to the phylum Pteridophyta, characterized by their vascular tissue and reproduction through spores. [1]  

39. According to Eichler (1813), which part does the Bryophyta division belong to? 

(PSI Pre. 2016) 1) Class Hepaticae and Musci 2) Class Hepaticae and Anthocerotae 3) Class Hepaticae only 4) Class Anthocerotae and Musci 

Answer: (1) Class Hepaticae and Musci Explanation: Eichler's classification system, while older, categorized Bryophyta into Hepaticae (liverworts) and Musci (mosses). [1]  

40. The first International Congress of Botany was held in ............ 

(PSI Pre. 2016) 1) Leningrad - 1837 2) Paris - 1867 3) America - 1930 4) Vienna - 1867 

Answer: (4) Vienna - 1867 Explanation: The first International Botanical Congress was held in Vienna, Austria, in 1867, marking a significant step in the international standardization of botanical nomenclature. [1]  

Here are the translated questions and their answers with explanations: 

41. Nowadays, on the day of Dussehra, more Kanchan leaves of Apta are given. Apta's Kanchan leaves: 

a) are small in size. b) are rough to the touch. Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? 1) Only a 2) Only b 3) Both a and b 4) Neither a nor b 

Answer: (3) Both a and b Explanation: The question pertains to the characteristics of Apta's Kanchan leaves, commonly exchanged during Dussehra. Both statements describe features of these leaves. 

42. Isabgol, which is used for stomach ailments, is obtained from which plant? 

1) Plantago ovata 2) Pongamia pinnata 3) Ougeinia oojeinensis 4) Ocimum sanctum 

Answer: (1) Plantago ovata Explanation: Isabgol (Psyllium husk) is derived from the seeds of Plantago ovata, a plant known for its medicinal properties, particularly for digestive health. 

43. Which of the following groups is known as 'Dual Plant'? 

1) Algae 2) Lichens 3) Angiosperms 4) Fungi 

Answer: (2) Lichens Explanation: Lichens are often referred to as 'dual plants' because they represent a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an alga (or cyanobacterium), functioning as a single organism. 

44. This plant is mostly used as green manure and is cultivated in rotation with cereal crops. 

1) Sesbania cannabina (Dhaincha) 2) Tridax procumbens 3) Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 4) Synedrella nodiflora 

Answer: (1) Sesbania cannabina (Dhaincha) Explanation: Sesbania cannabina, commonly known as Dhaincha, is widely used as a green manure crop due to its nitrogen-fixing capabilities, making it suitable for rotational farming with cereals to improve soil fertility. 

45. Since ancient times, plants have been used to cure diseases and maintain good health. More than half of our medicinal treatments are plant-based. 

In the Indian medicinal plant terminology, there are 3000 plants. Which part of the plant is most widely used for medicinal purposes? 1) Roots 2) Bark 3) Leaves 4) Seeds 

Answer: (3) Leaves Explanation: While various parts of plants are used in medicine, leaves are frequently the most utilized part for extracting active compounds due to their role in photosynthesis and storage of secondary metabolites. 

46. Which type of flower among the following is considered a symbol of progress in angiosperms? 

1) Spiny flower 2) Regular flower 3) Irregular flower 4) Bisexual flower 

Answer: (3) Irregular flower Explanation: Irregular flowers, also known as zygomorphic flowers, are considered more evolved or advanced in angiosperms compared to regular (actinomorphic) flowers, as they often exhibit specialized adaptations for pollination. 

The image contains multiple-choice questions related to Botany and General Science, likely from a competitive exam preparation material. Here's the translation and answers to the questions: 

56. Cyanophyta algae are referred to as "blue-green algae." Which of the following statements about them is correct? 

1) Only A is correct (Algae fix nitrogen) 2) Only B is correct (Algae fix nitrogen) 3) Both A and B are correct 4) Both A and B are incorrect 

Answer: (1) Only A is correct. Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) are known for their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, contributing to soil fertility, especially in environments like rice fields. 

57. Strawberry is a type of fruit. 

1) Composite 2) Aggregate 3) Capsular 4) Leguminous 

Answer: (2) Aggregate. Strawberries are aggregate fruits, meaning they develop from multiple carpels of a single flower. 

58. Who developed the most natural and popular method of plant classification based on natural qualities? 

1) Bentham and Hooker 2) Carolus Linnaeus 3) Adolf Engler 4) Charles Bessey 

Answer: (2) Carolus Linnaeus. Carolus Linnaeus is credited with developing the binomial nomenclature system for classifying organisms based on natural characteristics. 

59. Which of the following is the basic unit of plant classification? 

1) Genus 2) Family 3) Order 4) Species 

Answer: (4) Species. Species is considered the fundamental unit of biological classification. 

60. Which botanist initiated the binomial nomenclature system for plants? 

1) Bessey 2) Bentham and Hooker 3) Carl Linnaeus 4) Theophrastus 

Answer: (3) Carl Linnaeus. Carl Linnaeus is widely recognized for establishing the binomial system of nomenclature. 

61. Which blue-green algae fix atmospheric nitrogen and increase the fertility of rice fields? 

1) Crocus 2) Gloeocapsa 3) Nostoc 4) Chemiosiphon 

Answer: (3) Nostoc. Nostoc is a genus of cyanobacteria known for its nitrogen-fixing capabilities, commonly found in rice paddies. 

62. Who coined the term 'Taxonomy'? 

1) Haeckel 2) Linnaeus 3) Aristotle 4) de Candolle 

Answer: (4) de Candolle. The term "Taxonomy" was coined by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle. 

63. The plant 'Drosera' belongs to which category of plants? 

1) Autotrophic plant 2) Parasitic plant 3) Insectivorous plant 4) None of these 

Answer: (3) Insectivorous plant. Drosera, also known as sundews, are carnivorous plants that trap and digest insects. 

64. Which of the following is a naturally produced medicinal substance? 

1) Morphine 2) Ampicillin 3) Chloroquine 4) Phenylcyclidine 

Answer: (1) Morphine. Morphine is a naturally occurring opiate alkaloid found in opium poppies and used as a pain medication.

Here are the English translations of the questions and their answers: 

56. According to Botany, 'bast fibers' are obtained from fiber plants. In which part of the plant are they actually found? 

(MPSC Pre. 2013) 1) Phloem 2) Xylem 3) Roots 4) Leaves 

Answer: 1) Phloem Explanation: Bast fibers are strong, woody fibers found in the phloem of plants, providing structural support to the plant. [1, 2]  

57. 'Hydrophyte' is a/an ................... . 

(Forest Pre. 2012) 1) Marine animal 2) Aquatic plant 3) Plant disease 4) Plant without roots 

Answer: 2) Aquatic plant Explanation: Hydrophytes are plants that are adapted to live in aquatic environments, either fully or partially submerged in water. [1, 2]  

58. Which of the following is bamboo? 

(Forest Pre. 2012) 1) Dendrocalamus strictus 2) Albizia lebbeck 3) Madhuca indica 4) Melia azadirachta 

Answer: 1) Dendrocalamus strictus Explanation: Dendrocalamus strictus is a common species of bamboo, also known as male bamboo or solid bamboo. [1, 2]  

59. What is the name of the algae that grows in water but is non-flowering? 

(STI Pre. 2012) 1) Mucor 2) Penicillium 3) Spirogyra 4) Sunflower 

Answer: 3) Spirogyra Explanation: Spirogyra is a genus of freshwater green algae known for its spiral chloroplasts and its non-flowering nature. [1, 2]  

60. Radish, Carrot, Beet are what kind of plants? 

(STI Pre. 2012) 1) Perennial 2) Annual 3) Biennial 4) Sapling 

Answer: 3) Biennial Explanation: Radish, carrot, and beet are biennial plants, meaning they complete their life cycle in two years, typically producing foliage in the first year and flowering/seeding in the second. [1, 2]  

61. Sunflower is a ................... plant. 

(STI Pre. 2011) 1) Gymnosperm 2) Monocot 3) Bryophyte 4) Dicot 

Answer: 4) Dicot Explanation: Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is a dicotyledonous plant, characterized by having two cotyledons in its embryo and a taproot system. [1, 2]  

62. Which of the following plants does not belong to the Pteridophyta vascular plant group? 

(PSI Pre. 2011) 1) Filicini 2) Musci 3) Lycopodium 4) Equisetini 

Answer: 2) Musci Explanation: Musci (mosses) belong to the Bryophyta division, which are non-vascular plants, unlike Pteridophyta (ferns and their allies) which are vascular. [1, 2]  

Chapter 3 Biology Pyq 

Here is the English translation of the questions and their answers: 

1. Which of the following contains more than a dozen powerful hydrolytic enzymes capable of digesting cellular material? 

(Clerk (Mains) Feb. 2023) (1) Secretory granules (2) Plasmocins (3) Lysosomes (4) Centrosomes 

Answer: (3) Lysosomes Explanation: Lysosomes are known as the "suicide bags" of the cell because they contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes that can break down waste materials and cellular debris. 

2. Which of the following cell components does not have a membrane (covering) around it? 

(Rajyaseva Pre 2021) 1) Chloroplast 2) Ribosome 3) Mitochondria 4) Lysosome 

Answer: (2) Ribosome Explanation: Ribosomes are non-membranous organelles found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, responsible for protein synthesis. Chloroplasts, mitochondria, and lysosomes are all membrane-bound organelles. 

3. Consider the following statements regarding DNA related to chromosomes in eukaryotic cells. 

(Rajyaseva Pre 2021) a) In eukaryotic chromosomes, gene material DNA is associated with 'histone' small proteins. b) These proteins are highly involved in the basic amino acids arginine and lysine. c) These proteins lack the basic amino acid tryptophan. Choose the correct option from the following. 1) Only the first statement is correct. 2) All three statements are correct. 3) Only the first and second statements are correct but the third is wrong. 4) Only the third statement is correct. 

Answer: (3) Only the first and second statements are correct but the third is wrong. 

Explanation: 

• Statement a) is correct: DNA in eukaryotic cells is indeed wrapped around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which condense into chromosomes. 

• Statement b) is correct: Histone proteins are rich in basic amino acids like arginine and lysine, which are positively charged and help in binding to the negatively charged DNA. 

• Statement c) is incorrect: While histones are rich in basic amino acids, the statement that they lack tryptophan is not universally true or a defining characteristic. Tryptophan is an aromatic amino acid, and its presence or absence is not a key feature distinguishing histones. 

4. Who first described cells? 

(Rajyaseva Pre 2020) 1) Lamarck 2) Schwann 3) Robert Hooke 4) Rudolf Virchow 

Answer: (3) Robert Hooke Explanation: Robert Hooke is credited with coining the term "cell" after observing cork tissue under a microscope in 1665. 

5. Kupffer cells are found in: 

(Combine 'B' Pre. 2019) 1) Brain 2) Kidney 3) Liver 4) Spleen 

Answer: (3) Liver Explanation: Kupffer cells are specialized macrophages located in the liver, playing a crucial role in the body's immune system by engulfing old red blood cells and pathogens. 

6. The fundamental difference between Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) is as follows: 

(Combine 'C' Pre. 2019) 1) Type of sugar and nitrogenous base 2) Type of sugar and phosphoric acid 3) Type of nitrogenous base (base) and type of phosphoric acid 

Answer: (1) Type of sugar and nitrogenous base 

Explanation: 

• Sugar: DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA contains ribose sugar. 

• Nitrogenous bases: Both DNA and RNA contain adenine (A), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). However, DNA contains thymine (T), while RNA contains uracil (U) in place of thymine.

Translation and Answers: 

7. Which sensory nerve cells are called rod and cone cells? (Combine 'B' Pre. 2015) 1) Cochlea (inner part of the ear) 2) Skin 3) Epidermis 4) Retina of the eye 

Answer: (4) Retina of the eye Explanation: Rod and cone cells are photoreceptor cells located in the retina of the eye, responsible for vision in varying light conditions and color perception, respectively. 

8. When an infection occurs, which cells in the human body release the chemical histamine as a reaction? (Excise Pre. 2017) 1) Mast cells 2) Red blood cells 3) Lymphocytes 4) Monocytes 

Answer: (1) Mast cells Explanation: Mast cells are immune cells that play a key role in allergic reactions and inflammation by releasing histamine and other mediators in response to allergens or pathogens. 

9. Which scientist discovered the microscope using two lenses, later known as the compound microscope? (Clerk/Typist Mains 2017) 1) Rudolf Virchow 2) Alexander Fleming 3) Robert Hooke 4) Howard Shoman 

Answer: (3) Robert Hooke Explanation: Robert Hooke is credited with significant advancements in microscopy and coining the term "cell" after observing cork tissue with a compound microscope he designed. 

10. Which of the following statements is correct? (STI Pre. 2014) A) White blood cells are formed in the bone marrow. B) White blood cells destroy bacteria. Alternative answers: 1) Only A is correct 2) Only B is correct 3) Both A and B are correct 4) Neither A nor B is correct 

Answer: (3) Both A and B are correct Explanation: White blood cells (leukocytes) are indeed produced in the bone marrow and are crucial components of the immune system, responsible for fighting off infections by engulfing and destroying pathogens like bacteria. 

11. Choose the incorrect statement about stem cells. (MES Ele & Mech. 2014) 1) Stem cells are undifferentiated cells. 2) There are 220 types of stem cells in the body. 3) Stem cells can be transformed into any type of cell in the body. 4) Stem cells can be used to replace damaged tissues in the body. 

Answer: (2) There are 220 types of stem cells in the body. Explanation: While stem cells are undifferentiated and have the potential to differentiate into various cell types, there are not 220 distinct "types" of stem cells in the body. The number 220 often refers to the approximate number of different cell types in the human body that stem cells can potentially differentiate into. 

12. Which animal cell synthesizes, stores, and metabolizes fat? (MPSC Pre. 2015) 1) Epithelial tissue 2) Adipose tissue 3) Connective tissue 4) Muscle tissue 

Answer: (2) Adipose tissue Explanation: Adipose tissue, composed primarily of adipocytes (fat cells), is specialized for the synthesis, storage, and metabolism of fat (lipids). 

13. What is the shape of a normal red blood cell? (ASO Pre. 2015) 1) Sickle or scythe-shaped 2) Biconcave 

Answer: (2) Biconcave Explanation: Normal red blood cells have a characteristic biconcave disc shape, which increases their surface area for oxygen exchange and allows them to flexibility navigate through narrow capillaries. Sickle or scythe-shaped cells are characteristic of sickle cell anemia. 

Here are the English translations of the questions and their answers: 

1. Which is the longest cell in the human body? 

(Asst. Pre. 2013) 1) Egg cell 2) Fat cell 3) Sperm cell 4) Nerve cell 

Answer: (4) Nerve cell Explanation: Nerve cells (neurons) are known for their long axons, which can extend for considerable distances, making them the longest cells in the human body, especially in the case of motor neurons that stretch from the spinal cord to the toes. 

2. The cell wall of fungal cells is made up of which complex sugar? 

(PSI Pre. 2012) 1) Cellulose 2) Glucose 3) Sucrose 4) Chitin 

Answer: (4) Chitin Explanation: Unlike plant cell walls which are primarily composed of cellulose, the cell walls of fungi are predominantly made of chitin, a strong and flexible polysaccharide also found in the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans. [1]  

3. Which scientist first used the name 'cell'? 

(STI Pre. 2012) 1) Jagadish Chandra Bose 2) Camillo Golgi 

Answer: (2) Camillo Golgi Explanation: While Robert Hooke is credited with coining the term "cell" after observing cork tissue in 1665, the options provided point to a specific context, likely related to the discovery of a particular type of cell or cellular structure. Camillo Golgi is famous for his work on the nervous system and the discovery of the Golgi apparatus, a prominent organelle within cells. The question might be referring to a specific historical context or a nuanced understanding of "first use" in a particular biological field. However, if the question is simply asking about the general coining of the term "cell", then Robert Hooke is the correct answer. Given the options, it's possible the question is looking for a significant contribution related to cells by one of the listed scientists. 

Here are the translations and answers to the questions: 

1. Which part of the cell is called the powerhouse of the cell? (STI Pre. 2011) 

1) Chloroplast 2) Mitochondria 3) Ribosomes 4) Lysosomes 

Answer: (2) Mitochondria Explanation: Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell because they generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions, in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). 

1. Which cells are responsible for initiating the blood clotting process? (STI Pre. 2011) 

1) White blood cells 2) Lymph 3) Red blood cells 4) Platelets 

Answer: (4) Platelets Explanation: Platelets (also known as thrombocytes) are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding. 

1. Ambiguous nucleated cells are found in...? (PSI Pre. 2011) 

1) Amoeba 2) Bacteria 3) Hydra 4) Red blood cells 

Answer: (2) Bacteria Explanation: Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms, meaning they lack a clearly defined nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Their genetic material is located in a region called the nucleoid, which is not enclosed by a nuclear membrane, hence "ambiguous nucleated cells.

Chapter 4

The question "बीयांच्या कडक कवचामध्ये कोणत्या ऊती आढळतात ?" (STI Pre. 2012) translates to Which tissues are found in the hard outer layer of seeds?" The options are: 

1) दृढ (Drudh) - Sclerenchyma 2) पृष्ठभागीय (Prushthabhagiya) - Epidermal/Surface tissue 3) स्थूलकोन (Sthulkon) - Collenchyma 4) हरित (Harit) - Parenchyma/Green tissue 

Answer: 

The correct answer is 1) दृढ (Sclerenchyma). 

Explanation: 

Sclerenchyma is a type of permanent plant tissue characterized by thick, lignified cell walls, providing mechanical support and protection to the plant. The hard outer layer of seeds, often referred to as the seed coat or testa, is primarily composed of sclerenchymatous tissue, which gives it its rigidity and protective nature. [1, 2]  

• Sclerenchyma: These cells are dead at maturity and have thick, lignified secondary walls, making them rigid and strong. They are crucial for providing structural support and protection in various plant parts, including the seed coat. 

• Epidermal tissue: This tissue forms the outermost layer of the plant body, providing protection and regulating gas exchange, but it is not the primary component responsible for the hardness of the seed coat. 

• Collenchyma: This tissue provides flexible support to young stems and petioles but is not typically found in the hard, protective layers of mature seeds. 

• Parenchyma: These are living cells involved in various functions like photosynthesis, storage, and secretion, and while present in seeds, they are not the main component responsible for the hardness of the seed coat. 

Chapter 5

The image contains two multiple-choice questions in Marathi. Here are the English translations and answers: 

Question 1: 

Which type of white blood cell has the lowest percentage in the blood of a healthy human? (Combined Group 'C' Pre, 2022) 1) Lymphocytes 2) Monocytes 3) Eosinophils 4) Basophils 

Answer: 4) Basophils Explanation: Basophils are the least abundant type of white blood cell, typically making up less than 1% of the total white blood cell count in a healthy individual. 

Question 2: 

State the sequence of blood circulation in the heart of mammals. (Rajyaseva Pre 2021) a. Left Atrium b. Right Atrium c. Left Ventricle d. Right Ventricle 

Options: 

1) b, a, d, c 2) a, b, c, d 3) b, d, a, c 4) d, c, b, a 

Answer: 3) b, d, a, c Explanation: The correct sequence of blood flow through the mammalian heart begins with deoxygenated blood entering the Right Atrium (b), then moving to the Right Ventricle (d), from where it is pumped to the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the Left Atrium (a), and finally goes to the Left Ventricle (c) before being pumped to the rest of the body. Therefore, the sequence is Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle. 

Here is the English translation and answers to the questions: 

Question 3: 

Which of the following situations would be dangerous for the second pregnancy? 

(MPSC Pre. 2019) 1) Marriage of Rh$^{+}$ male and Rh$^{-}$ female 2) Marriage of Rh$^{-}$ male and Rh$^{+}$ female 3) Marriage of Rh$^{+}$ male and Rh$^{+}$ female 4) Marriage of Rh$^{-}$ male and Rh$^{-}$ female 

Answer: (1) Marriage of Rh$^{+}$ male and Rh$^{-}$ female. 

Explanation: Rh incompatibility occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive baby. If the father is Rh-positive and the mother is Rh-negative, there is a possibility that the baby will inherit the Rh-positive blood type from the father. During the first pregnancy, the mother's immune system might get exposed to the baby's Rh-positive blood, leading to the formation of antibodies. In subsequent pregnancies with an Rh-positive baby, these antibodies can attack the baby's red blood cells, causing hemolytic disease of the newborn, which can be dangerous for the second (or subsequent) fetus. [1]  

Question 4: 

Match the following. 

(MPSC Pre. 2019) 

Respiratory Pigment | Animal/Animal Group 

---|--- A) Hemoglobin | 1) Annelids B) Chlorocruorin | 2) Vertebrates C) Hemerythrin | 3) Lingula 

Answer: 

A) Hemoglobin - 2) Vertebrates B) Chlorocruorin - 1) Annelids C) Hemerythrin - 3) Lingula 

Explanation: [2]  

Hemoglobin 

is a common respiratory pigment found in vertebrates, including humans, responsible for oxygen transport in the blood. 

Chlorocruorin 

is a respiratory pigment found in certain annelids (segmented worms), giving their blood a green color when deoxygenated. 

Hemerythrin 

is a non-heme iron-containing respiratory pigment found in some marine invertebrates, such as brachiopods like Lingula, and some annelids and sipunculans. 

Here is the English translation of the questions and their answers: 

5. Which of the following statements is/are correct? (Clerk/Typist Mains 2017) 

A) Bird flu is spread through infected birds and animals. B) Bowman's capsule and nephron are parts of the structure of the pancreas. C) Autonomic nervous system is involved in reflex actions. D) Blood contains various types of white blood cells. 

Options: 

1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Only A and C 4) Only A, C and D 

Answer: 4) Only A, C and D 

Explanation: 

• Statement A is correct: Bird flu (Avian Influenza) is indeed a viral infection that can spread among birds and, in some cases, to humans and other animals. 

• Statement B is incorrect: Bowman's capsule and nephron are fundamental units of the kidney, not the pancreas. The pancreas is involved in digestion and hormone production. 

• Statement C is correct: Reflex actions are involuntary and rapid responses to stimuli, primarily controlled by the autonomic nervous system, which operates without conscious thought. 

• Statement D is correct: Blood contains various types of white blood cells (leukocytes), such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, each with specific roles in the immune system. 

6. The network of 'Bundle of His' (MPSC Pre. 2016) 

1) Consists of nerve fibers spread throughout the heart. 2) Consists of muscle fibers spread throughout the heart. 3) Consists of muscle fibers spread only in the ventricles of the heart. 4) Consists of nerve fibers spread in the ventricles of the heart. 

Answer: 3) Consists of muscle fibers spread only in the ventricles of the heart. 

Explanation: The Bundle of His is a collection of specialized heart muscle cells (muscle fibers), not nerve fibers, that play a crucial role in the electrical conduction system of the heart. It transmits electrical impulses from the atrioventricular (AV) node to the ventricles, specifically branching into the left and right bundle branches to ensure coordinated ventricular contraction. 

7. Which of the following two statements are correct for a normal adult? (MPSC Pre. 2016) 

A) Fasting blood glucose level should be up to 70 mg%. B) Post-meal blood glucose level should be up to 140 mg%. 

Options: 

1) Only A 2) Only B 3) Both A and B 4) Neither A nor B 

Answer: 2) Only B 

Explanation: 

• Statement A is incorrect: A normal fasting blood glucose level is generally considered to be below 100 mg/dL (or 100 mg%). A level of "up to 70 mg%" is too low and could indicate hypoglycemia. 

• Statement B is correct: A normal post-meal (2 hours after eating) blood glucose level is typically considered to be below 140 mg/dL (or 140 mg%). 

8. Which of the following statements are correct? (MPSC Pre. 2014) 

A) Birds and mammals have a four-chambered heart to prevent the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. B) Amphibians and some reptiles have a three-chambered heart because some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is acceptable. 

Answer: Both statements A and B are correct. 

Explanation: 

• Statement A is correct: The four-chambered heart in birds and mammals allows for complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, ensuring efficient oxygen delivery to meet their high metabolic demands. 

• Statement B is correct: Amphibians and some reptiles have a three-chambered heart, which allows for some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. This is sufficient for their metabolic needs, which are generally lower than those of birds and mammals, and they can also absorb oxygen through their skin. 

Here is the English translation and answers to the questions: 

Question 9: Approximately how many kilometers long are the blood vessels in the human body? (STI Pre. 2013) 1) 10,000 2) 98,000 3) 97,000 4) 98,500 

Answer: 3) 97,000 Explanation: The total length of blood vessels in the human body, including arteries, veins, and capillaries, is estimated to be around 97,000 to 100,000 kilometers. [1, 2]  

Question 10: What is the main function of the lungs? (Asst. Pre. 2012) 1) Blood supply 2) Blood purification 3) Aid in digestion 4) Storing digested food 

Answer: 2) Blood purification Explanation: The primary function of the lungs is gas exchange, which involves taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide from the blood, essentially purifying it. [3, 4]  

Question 11: Approximately how many kilometers long are the blood vessels in the human body? (STI Pre. 2012) 1) 97,000 2) 9,700 3) 10,000 4) 21,000 

Answer: 1) 97,000 Explanation: This is a repeat of Question 9, and the answer remains the same: the estimated length of blood vessels in the human body is around 97,000 kilometers. [1, 2]  

Question 12: Which blood group should a person have to be able to accept blood from any group? (MPSC Pre. 2011) 1) (A)+ 2) (B)+ 3) (O)+ 4) (AB)+ 

Answer: 4) (AB)+ Explanation: Individuals with AB+ blood are considered universal recipients because they have both A and B antigens and Rh factor on their red blood cells, and no antibodies against A, B, or Rh, allowing them to receive blood from any ABO and Rh type. [5]  

Chapter 6